The Girl With Sthetoscope

  PNEUMONIA It can be defined as an acute inflammatory condition of the lungs, which primarily infects the alveoli. It accounts for 14% of all deaths of children under 5 years of age. The causes of pneumonia can be bacterial, viral, fungal. It has a high rate of incidence in the extreme years of life.  CAUSES: The causes of pneumonia are classified into, Hospital and Non-hospital causes. Hospital Causes include: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Others Non-Hospital Causes include: Pneumococcus, Mycoplasma, Haemophilus Influenzae, Legionella, Others Pneumonia results from the proliferation of microbial pathogens at the alveolar level and the host’s response to those pathogens. The most common is aspiration from the oropharynx. Many pathogens are inhaled as contaminated droplets. Rarely, pneumonia occurs via hematogenous spread (e.g., from tricuspid endocarditis) or by contiguous extension from an infected pleural or mediastinal space. RISK FACTORS:...

 DIABETES MELLITUS (CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT, PREVENTION) Diabetes or diabetes mellitus affects as much as 10% of the world population, it is defined as a high level of blood glucose.  It can be basically divided into 2 types: 1) Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus 2) Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Other forms of diabetes may also include - Drug-induced diabetes, and Gestational diabetes. Glucose levels in the body are maintained by 2 hormones, insulin, and glucagon, which are produced by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The beta-cells located centrally produce insulin which helps in decreasing the level of glucose in the blood. The peripherally located alpha-cells produce Glucagon which helps the liver to produce glucose and hence increases the level of glucose in the blood.  DIAGNOSIS:- TYPE-1 DIABETES MELLITUS: CAUSES:- Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus involves a Type-4 Hypersensitivity Reaction, which is a cell-mediated immune response. The T-cells of the body lose the property of...

 HYPERTENSION (CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENTS) Hypertension or high blood pressure is a serious health condition and is a major cause of premature deaths worldwide. It affects a population of almost 1 billion and is a more common problem in low and middle-income countries.   According to the WHO, h ypertension is diagnosed if, when it is measured on two different days, the systolic blood pressure readings on both days is ≥140 mmHg and/or the diastolic blood pressure readings on both days is ≥90 mmHg. Hypertension can either be essential (primary) or secondary.  Primary hypertension is not caused by any underlying medical condition, instead, it is a result of improper lifestyle including obesity, excessive salt intake in the diet, or maybe due to family history.  On the other hand, secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition, for example, kidney disease, which causes the rise of blood pressure. For instance, a  low renal blood...

Migraine is the second most common cause of headache, after tension headache. It is described as a severe pulsating or throbbing pain on one side of the head.  TYPES : Migraine can be divided into 2 types: 1) Migraine with aura 2) Migraine without aura AURA - Sensations include the feeling of seeing zigzag lines, dark spots in the visual field, paralysis, tingling, and numbness.  EPIDEMIOLOGY : It is the most common headache-related or neurological cause of disability around the world. Migraine more commonly affects the female (15%) population than the male (6%) population. The onset of migraine is common during puberty, however, children as young as 2 years of age may be affected. In women, it is generally associated with menses. 1-2% of cases of migraine are chronic. CAUSES : The causes of migraine are not clearly known. Various triggers are recognized, which include stress, hunger, disturbance of sleep, and various types of food, such as aged cheese and Mono-Sodium Glutamat...