DIABETES

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 DIABETES MELLITUS

(CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT, PREVENTION)

Diabetes or diabetes mellitus affects as much as 10% of the world population, it is defined as a high level of blood glucose. 



It can be basically divided into 2 types:

1) Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus

2) Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

Other forms of diabetes may also include - Drug-induced diabetes, and Gestational diabetes.

Glucose levels in the body are maintained by 2 hormones, insulin, and glucagon, which are produced by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The beta-cells located centrally produce insulin which helps in decreasing the level of glucose in the blood. The peripherally located alpha-cells produce Glucagon which helps the liver to produce glucose and hence increases the level of glucose in the blood. 

DIAGNOSIS:-



TYPE-1 DIABETES MELLITUS:

CAUSES:-

Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus involves a Type-4 Hypersensitivity Reaction, which is a cell-mediated immune response. The T-cells of the body lose the property of self-tolerance and damage the beta-cells of islets of Langerhans and hence inhibits the production of insulin, leading to a high level of glucose in the blood. The loss of self-tolerance property is seen as a genetic condition, hence diabetes can be inherited genetically.

SYMPTOMS:-



  • The classical signs of diabetes include Polyphagia, Polydipsia, Glucosuria, Polyuria. 
  • Although there is a large amount of glucose in the blood, the cells are deprived of energy and hence leads to the breakdown of fats in cells and proteins in muscles, thus leading to increased hunger (Polyphagia).
  • The glucose-enriched blood flows to the kidneys and is excreted in the urine leading to Glucosuria.
  • The glucose is osmotically active hence it attracts water with it, leading to frequent urination or Polyuria.
  • This increased loss of water from the body leads to dehydration and hence an increased amount of thirst (Polydipsia).

TREATMENT:-

The treatment of type-1 Diabetes Mellitus includes insulin therapy for a lifetime. 

PREVENTION:- 

Prevention of Type-1 Diabetes is currently unknown. 

COMPLICATIONS:-

Complications include Diabetic Ketoacidosis. The symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) include vomiting, thirst, dehydration, Kaussmaul's Respiration, Fruity Smell of breath.



TYPE- 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

CAUSES:- 

Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus develops due to the resistance of cells to insulin, the reason for the resistance is still not clear. However, some risk factors include obesity, lack of exercise, and hypertension.



SYMPTOMS:-

The symptoms are similar to Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus. 


TREATMENT:-

It can be controlled by maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, proper diet, and in severe cases insulin can also be used. 

PREVENTION:-

It can be controlled by maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, proper diet. 


COMPLICATIONS:-

Complications include Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) due to extreme dehydration and concentration of blood. 

REFERENCES:-

1) DIABETES. (n.d.). WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes#tab=tab_3
2) Diabetes mellitus (type 1, type 2) & diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). (2019, September 11). [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-B-RVybvffU
3) [Diabetic checking blood sugar levels.]. (n.d.). https://images.theconversation.com/files/152363/original/image-20170111-6450-fsm2zi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=926&fit=clip
4) [Symptoms of diabetes type-1]. (n.d.). https://diabeticcare4u.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/WhatsApp-Image-2021-02-03-at-12.54.43-PM.jpeg
5) [Common Type 1 Diabetes Complications]. (n.d.). https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/vTaPVPcvr0GzfQGA3xXk2AnQcng=/614x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/type-1-diabetes-understanding-the-complications-3289597-3c871352abd34df1b6325bcc12ce0d56.png
6) [Risk Factors For Type 2 Diabetes]. (n.d.). https://globaldiabetesinitiatives.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/risk-factor-type-II-diabetes.png
7) 7 common symptoms of type 2 diabetes. (n.d.). [Photograph]. https://www.gov.sg/-/media/gov/images/articles/can-you-develop-diabetes/diabetes-7-symptoms.png?h=800&w=800&hash=1E77D916D1C8D7D60E17577A5F5A480A
8) How to prevent Type 2 diabetes. (n.d.). [Photograph]. https://goodsomnia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/277_How-to-prevent-type-2-diabetes-1024x536.png
9) Diabetes control chart. (n.d.). [Photograph]. https://cdn.rcsb.org/pdb101/global-health/diabetes-mellitus/files/Blood-Test-Levels-for-Diagnosing-DM_0.PNG

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